Nga Desart Avdulaj<\/p>\n
Pak dit\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb nj\u00eb i af\u00ebrm m\u00eb k\u00ebrkoi q\u00eb \u201ct\u2019i hidhja nj\u00eb sy\u201d nj\u00eb projekt-kontrateje q\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb kishte shum\u00eb interes. Pasi e konsultova dhe dhash\u00eb mendimin tim p\u00ebr disa rrethana t\u00eb paqarta n\u00eb t\u00eb, m\u2019u kujtua nj\u00eb rast, i cili vazhdon t\u00eb jet\u00eb me interes n\u00eb diskutimet bashk\u00ebkohore t\u00eb teoris\u00eb juridike, ligjit kontraktor dhe filozofis\u00eb s\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs s\u00eb arsyes. Ai ngre pyetje n\u00eb lidhje me natyr\u00ebn e marr\u00ebveshjeve, rolin e interpretimit n\u00eb mosmarr\u00ebveshjet ligjore dhe kufijt\u00eb e logjik\u00ebs formale n\u00eb zgjidhjen e problemeve praktike. <\/p>\n
“Paradoksi i Protagor\u00ebs”<\/p>\n
\u201cParadoksi i Protagor\u00ebs\u201d ose \u201cParadoksi i Gjykat\u00ebs\u201d e ka zanafill\u00ebn nga nj\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje gjyq\u00ebsore mes sofistit grek Protagoras dhe studentit t\u00eb tij Euathlus. Protagora ka jetuar n\u00eb vitet 490-420 p.e.s dhe ka qen\u00eb nj\u00eb nd\u00ebr sofist\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb njohur t\u00eb koh\u00ebs dhe q\u00eb ka influencuar shum\u00eb n\u00eb zhvillimin e debateve intelektuale q\u00eb lidhen me teknikat e argumentimit. Nd\u00ebrsa SOFIZMI, si\u00e7 p\u00ebrshkruhet n\u00eb fjalor, \u00ebsht\u00eb argumentim ose p\u00ebrfundim logjik, q\u00eb duket i drejt\u00eb nga forma, por q\u00eb n\u00eb thelb \u00ebsht\u00eb i gabuar dhe p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr t\u00eb shtremb\u00ebruar t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00ebn.<\/p>\n
Euathlus kisht\u00eb d\u00ebshir\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebhej jurist\/avokat, por nuk kishte mund\u00ebsi q\u00eb t\u00eb paguante p\u00ebr m\u00ebsimet q\u00eb do t\u00eb merrte nga Protagora. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb shkak, Protagora ra dakort q\u00eb t\u2019i jepte m\u00ebsime Euathlusit pa pages\u00eb me kushtin q\u00eb ky i fundit t\u2019a paguante kur t\u00eb fitonte \u00e7eshtjen e tij t\u00eb par\u00eb gjyq\u00ebsore. Pasi p\u00ebrfundoi kursin e m\u00ebsimeve, Euathlusi nuk e ushtroi profesionin e juristit. I lodhur nga pritja dhe sjellja e studentit t\u00eb tij Protagora ngriti padi n\u00eb gjykat\u00eb p\u00ebr shp\u00ebrblimin e munguar mbi marr\u00ebveshjen q\u00eb kishte b\u00ebr\u00eb.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb paraqitjen e \u00e7eshtjes para gjykat\u00ebs, Protagora parashtroi:
\n– N\u00ebse gjykata jep nj\u00eb vendim n\u00eb favorin tim, studenti \u00ebsht\u00eb i detyruar t\u00eb m\u00eb paguaj\u00eb pasi gjykata do e tejkaloj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshjen e b\u00ebr\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb dhe un\u00eb pages\u00ebn e marr me urdh\u00ebr t\u00eb gjykat\u00ebs.
\n– N\u00ebse gjykata jep nj\u00eb vendim n\u00eb favor t\u00eb Euathlusit, at\u00ebher\u00eb studenti im fiton \u00e7eshtjen e tij t\u00eb par\u00eb gjyq\u00ebsore dhe k\u00ebsisoj duhet t\u00eb m\u00eb paguaj\u00eb n\u00eb zbatim t\u00eb marr\u00ebveshjes q\u00eb ishte b\u00ebr\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Euathlus, n\u00eb mbrojtjen e tij para gjykat\u00ebs parashtroi nj\u00eb kund\u00ebr argument me t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn vler\u00eb juridike si m\u00ebsuesi i tij duke pretenduar se sido q\u00eb t\u00eb vendoste gjykata ai nuk duhej t\u00eb paguante:
\n– N\u00ebse gjykata vendoste n\u00eb favor t\u00eb Euathlusit, ligj\u00ebrisht ai nuk i detyrohej asgj\u00eb m\u00ebsuesit t\u00eb tij sepse gjykata do t\u00eb vendoste se ai nuk kishte ndonj\u00eb detyrim p\u00ebr pages\u00eb.
\n– N\u00ebse gjykata vendos n\u00eb favor t\u00eb Protagoras, at\u00ebhere ai nuk kishte pse t\u00eb pagunate m\u00ebsuesin etij, pasi konsiderohet q\u00eb nuk ka fituar \u00e7eshtjen e tij t\u00eb par\u00eb.
\nParadoski i m\u00ebsip\u00ebrm ngrihet n\u00eb dy shtylla, n\u00eb dukje logjike, por q\u00eb \u00e7ojn\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrfundime t\u00eb kund\u00ebrta. Protagora kishte siguri se do t\u00eb paguhej sido q\u00eb t\u00eb ishte vendimi i gjykat\u00ebs kurse Euathlusi k\u00ebmb\u00ebngulte se nuk duhej q\u00eb t\u00eb paguante sido q\u00eb t\u00eb ishte vendimi.
\n– Protagora pretendonte se do t\u00eb paguhej ose p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb vendimit\/urdhrit t\u00eb gjykat\u00ebs ose p\u00ebr shkak se Euathlusi fitonte \u00e7eshtjen e tij t\u00eb par\u00eb gjyq\u00ebsore.
\n– Euathlusi prap\u00ebsonte se n\u00ebse fitonte \u00e7eshtjen ligj\u00ebrisht nuk duhet q\u00eb t\u00eb paguante dhe n\u00ebse fitonte \u00e7eshtjen Protagora at\u00ebhere nuk p\u00ebrmbushej kushti i marr\u00ebveshjes me m\u00ebsuesin e tij.<\/p>\n
P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb \u00e7eshtje nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb vendim duke u shtyr\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb pacaktuar p\u00ebr shkak se gjykata vler\u00ebsonte se pretendimet e pal\u00ebve ishin t\u00eb paqarta dhe pa zgjidhje dhe \u00e7do vendim i mundsh\u00ebm q\u00eb do t\u00eb merrej do t\u00eb ishte kontradiktor me veten. Gjithsesi jan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb disa interpretime apo analiza nga pik\u00ebpamje t\u00eb ndryshme.
\nNga pik\u00ebpamja ligjore n\u00eb rastin konkret gjykata duhej t\u00eb zgjidhte \u00e7eshtjen duke u bazuar n\u00eb kushtet e ve\u00e7anta t\u00eb marr\u00ebveshjes s\u00eb pal\u00ebve dhe t\u00eb zbatonte ligjin mbi detyrimet e pal\u00ebve n\u00eb marr\u00ebveshje. N\u00ebse marr\u00ebveshja do t\u00eb interpretohej literalisht n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb strikte gjykata do duhej t\u00eb vendoste n\u00eb favor t\u00eb Protagor\u00ebs p\u00ebr shkak se marr\u00ebveshja parashikonte pages\u00ebn me fitimin e \u00e7eshtjes s\u00eb par\u00eb. N\u00ebse gjykata do t\u00eb merrte n\u00eb konsiderat\u00eb frym\u00ebn e marr\u00ebveshjes at\u00ebhere Euathlusi duhej t\u00eb paguante vet\u00ebm pasi t\u00eb fitonte \u00e7eshtjen e tij t\u00eb par\u00eb si avokat, n\u00eb ushtrim t\u00eb profesionit t\u00eb tij, ndaj gjykata duhet t\u00eb vendoste n\u00eb favor t\u00eb k\u00ebtij t\u00eb fundit.
\nNga pik\u00ebpamja logjike paradoksi na tregon se si disa lloje t\u00eb argumenteve logjike mund t\u00eb \u00e7ojn\u00eb n\u00eb kontradikta ose arsyetime rrethore. Nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb e mundshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjidhur paradoksin \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb pranohet se kushtet e marr\u00ebveshjes jan\u00eb n\u00eb thelb t\u00eb meta ose t\u00eb paplota. Paradoksi lind sepse marr\u00ebveshja nuk trajton n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb qart\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha rezultatet e mundshme, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht skenarin ku Euathlus nuk e praktikon ligjin si profesion. <\/p>\n
E solla k\u00ebt\u00eb rast pasi n\u00eb t\u00eb theksohet r\u00ebnd\u00ebsia e gjuh\u00ebs s\u00eb qart\u00eb dhe t\u00eb sakt\u00eb n\u00eb hartimin e marr\u00ebveshjeve. Paradoksi shfaqet sepse marr\u00ebveshja midis Protagoras dhe Euathlus p\u00ebrmbante kushte t\u00eb paqarta q\u00eb lejojn\u00eb interpretime t\u00eb shum\u00ebfishta. Sot, sistemet ligjore vendosin nj\u00eb theks t\u00eb fort\u00eb n\u00eb formulimin e kujdessh\u00ebm t\u00eb kontratave p\u00ebr t\u00eb shmangur paqart\u00ebsi t\u00eb tilla dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar pal\u00ebt q\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha mosmarr\u00ebveshjet q\u00eb mund t\u00eb lindin nga marr\u00ebveshja t\u00eb jen\u00eb llogaritur p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjetur zgjidhje. N\u00eb situatat kur kontratat p\u00ebrmbajn\u00eb kushte t\u00eb paqarta, gjykatat mb\u00ebshteten n\u00eb parimet e drejt\u00ebsis\u00eb, barazis\u00eb dhe q\u00ebllimit t\u00eb pal\u00ebve p\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjidhur mosmarr\u00ebveshjet.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Nga Desart Avdulaj Pak dit\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb nj\u00eb i af\u00ebrm m\u00eb k\u00ebrkoi q\u00eb \u201ct\u2019i hidhja nj\u00eb sy\u201d nj\u00eb projekt-kontrateje q\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb kishte shum\u00eb interes. Pasi e konsultova dhe dhash\u00eb mendimin tim p\u00ebr disa rrethana t\u00eb paqarta n\u00eb t\u00eb, m\u2019u kujtua nj\u00eb rast, i cili vazhdon t\u00eb jet\u00eb me interes n\u00eb diskutimet bashk\u00ebkohore t\u00eb teoris\u00eb […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":87402,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-87401","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-te-tjera"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/neutrale.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/87401","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/neutrale.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/neutrale.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/neutrale.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/neutrale.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=87401"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/neutrale.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/87401\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":87403,"href":"https:\/\/neutrale.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/87401\/revisions\/87403"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/neutrale.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/87402"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/neutrale.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=87401"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/neutrale.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=87401"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/neutrale.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=87401"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}