\u2018Freedom\u2019 Means Something Different to Liberals and Conservatives. ANNELIEN DE DIJN\/August 25, 2020<\/p>\n
(“Liri” do t\u00eb thot\u00eb di\u00e7ka ndryshe nga liberal\u00ebt dhe konservator\u00ebt. ANNELIEN DE DIJN\/)<\/p>\n
Ne priremi ta mendojm\u00eb lirin\u00eb si ideal emancipues, arsye-mir\u00eb. P\u00ebrgjat\u00eb historis\u00eb, d\u00ebshira p\u00ebr t\u00eb qen\u00eb t\u00eb lir\u00eb frym\u00ebzoi grupe t\u00eb panum\u00ebrta t\u00eb neglizhuara si sfidues t\u00eb sundimit t\u00eb elitave politike dhe ekonomike. <\/p>\n
Liria ishte kryefjala e revolucionar\u00ebve t\u00eb Atlantikut, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt, n\u00eb fund t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb 18-t\u00eb, rr\u00ebzuan mbret\u00ebrit autokrat\u00eb, elitat arrogante e skllav\u00ebrin\u00eb, duke i dh\u00ebn\u00eb fund regjimeve t\u00eb vjet\u00ebr. N\u00eb shekujt 19\/20, aktivist\u00ebt dhe feminist\u00ebt e t\u00eb drejtave civile luftuan p\u00ebr zgjerimin e demokracis\u00eb n\u00eb em\u00ebr t\u00eb liris\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa populist\u00ebt dhe progresist\u00ebt luftuan p\u00ebr t’i dh\u00ebn\u00eb fund dominimit ekonomik t\u00eb pun\u00ebtor\u00ebve.
\nNd\u00ebrsa k\u00ebto grupe kishin objektiva dhe ambicie t\u00eb ndryshme, n\u00eb kund\u00ebrshti me nj\u00ebri-tjetrin, t\u00eb gjith\u00eb ran\u00eb dakord se q\u00ebllimi i tyre kryesor – liria – k\u00ebrkonte rritjen e z\u00ebrit t\u00eb popullit n\u00eb qeveri. Kur i ndjeri Rep. John Lewis u b\u00ebri thirrje amerikan\u00ebve “t\u00eb linin t\u00eb kumboj\u00eb liria”, mb\u00ebshtetej n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb tradit\u00eb.
\nPor ka edhe nj\u00eb an\u00eb tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb historis\u00eb s\u00eb liris\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Britma p\u00ebr liri \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur gjithashtu nga konservator\u00ebt, p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbrojtur interesat e elit\u00ebs.
\nSipas tyre, liria e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb nuk ka t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb me kontrollin kolektiv mbi qeverin\u00eb; ai konsiston n\u00eb k\u00ebnaq\u00ebsin\u00eb private t\u00eb jet\u00ebs dhe t\u00eb mirave. Nga ky k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrim, ruajtja e liris\u00eb ka pak t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb me b\u00ebrjen e qeveris\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebse ndaj njer\u00ebzve. Shumica e zgjedhur n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb demokratike, theksojn\u00eb konservator\u00ebt, p\u00ebrb\u00ebn po aq, ose edhe m\u00eb shum\u00eb, k\u00ebrc\u00ebnim p\u00ebr sigurin\u00eb personale dhe t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn individuale – ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn e pron\u00ebs – sa mbret\u00ebrit grabitqar\u00eb apo elitat lakmitare. <\/p>\n
Pra, liria mund t\u00eb ruhet m\u00eb s\u00eb miri nga institucionet q\u00eb frenojn\u00eb pushtetin e shumicave, ose thjesht duke tkurrur sa m\u00eb shum\u00eb sfer\u00ebn e qeverisjes.
\nM\u00ebnyr\u00eb e ve\u00e7ant\u00eb t\u00eb menduari p\u00ebr lirin\u00eb, krijuar n\u00eb fund t\u00eb shek 18-t\u00eb nga mbrojt\u00ebsit e regjimit t\u00eb vjet\u00ebr.<\/p>\n
Filozofi skocez Adam Ferguson, kund\u00ebrshtar i vendosur i Revolucionit Amerikan, shpjegoi se liria konsistonte n\u00eb “sigurin\u00eb e t\u00eb drejtave tona”. Nga kjo perspektiv\u00eb, kolonist\u00ebt amerikan\u00eb ishin t\u00eb lir\u00eb, edhe pse u mungonte kontrolli mbi m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn se si qeveriseshin. Si n\u00ebnshtetas britanik\u00eb, g\u00ebzonin \u00abm\u00eb shum\u00eb siguri se \u00e7do popull tjet\u00ebr\u00bb. Pra liria e kolonist\u00ebve ruhej m\u00eb s\u00eb miri duke ruajtur status quo-n\u00eb; p\u00ebrpjekjet e tyre p\u00ebr t\u00eb qeverisur veten mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundonin vet\u00ebm n\u00eb anarki dhe sundim t\u00eb turm\u00ebs.<\/p>\n
Benjamin Constant, nj\u00eb nga mendimtar\u00ebt politik\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb famsh\u00ebm t\u00eb Evrop\u00ebs, hodhi posht\u00eb shembullin e revolucionar\u00ebve francez\u00eb, duke argumentuar se kishin ngat\u00ebrruar lirin\u00eb me “pjes\u00ebmarrjen n\u00eb pushtetin kolektiv”. N\u00eb vend t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj, liridash\u00ebsit duhet t\u00eb shikonin kushtetut\u00ebn britanike, ku hierarkit\u00eb ishin t\u00eb ngulitura.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb vazhd\u00ebn e revolucioneve t\u00eb shtypura brutalisht, pasi u ngrit\u00ebn kund\u00ebr monarkive evropiane, m\u00eb 1848, ai u ankua se kryengrit\u00ebsit, duke luftuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn e vot\u00ebs, kishin ngat\u00ebrruar lirin\u00eb me “parimin e ep\u00ebrsis\u00eb s\u00eb popullit”. Nj\u00eb konfuzion i till\u00eb mund t\u00eb \u00e7onte n\u00eb despotiz\u00ebm demokratik. Liria e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb \u2013 si respekt p\u00ebr \u201ct\u00eb drejtat e fituara\u201d \u2013 mund t\u00eb arrihet m\u00eb s\u00eb miri duke kufizuar pushtetin shtet\u00ebror sa m\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00eb e mundur, jo me demokratizim.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb SHBA, konservator\u00ebt ishin gjithashtu t\u00eb etur t\u00eb pretendonin se ata, dhe vet\u00ebm ata, ishin mbrojt\u00ebsit e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb t\u00eb liris\u00eb. N\u00eb vitet 1790, disa nga federalist\u00ebt m\u00eb ekstrem\u00eb u p\u00ebrpoq\u00ebn t\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtonin arritjet demokratike t\u00eb dekad\u00ebs s\u00eb m\u00ebparshme n\u00eb em\u00ebr t\u00eb liris\u00eb. Sipas mendimit t\u00eb federalistit t\u00eb vendosur Noah Uebster, ishte gabim t\u00eb mendohej se “p\u00ebr t\u00eb fituar lirin\u00eb dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar nj\u00eb qeveri t\u00eb lir\u00eb, nuk ishte e nevojshme asgj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr ve\u00e7se t\u00eb hiqeshin qafe mbret\u00ebrit, fisnik\u00ebt dhe prift\u00ebrinjt\u00eb”. <\/p>\n
P\u00ebr t\u00eb ruajtur lirin\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb – q\u00eb Uebster e p\u00ebrcaktoi si g\u00ebzimin paq\u00ebsor t\u00eb jet\u00ebs dhe pron\u00ebs-pushteti duhej t\u00eb frenohej, mund\u00ebsisht duke e rezervuar Senatin p\u00ebr t\u00eb pasurit.
\nPik\u00ebpamje t\u00eb tilla ishin m\u00eb t\u00eb ngadalta p\u00ebr t\u00eb fituar joshje n\u00eb Shtetet e Bashkuara sesa n\u00eb Evrop\u00eb. P\u00ebr zhg\u00ebnjim t\u00eb Uebsterit, bashk\u00ebkoh\u00ebsit besuan se liria mund t\u00eb ruhej m\u00eb s\u00eb miri duke zgjeruar demokracin\u00eb dhe jo duke kufizuar kontrollin popullor mbi qeverin\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Nga fundi i shekullit t\u00eb 19-t\u00eb ia beh\u00ebn p\u00ebrpjekjet konservatore p\u00ebr t\u00eb rikthyer konceptin e liris\u00eb. Heqja e skllav\u00ebris\u00eb, industrializimi i shpejt\u00eb, migrimi masiv nga Evropa i zgjeruan klasat pun\u00ebtore bujq\u00ebsore dhe industriale n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb eksponenciale dhe u dha atyre nj\u00eb epje m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe politike. Kjo nxiti ankthin n\u00eb rritje p\u00ebr qeverisjen popullore n\u00eb mesin e elitave amerikane, t\u00eb cilat tani filluan t\u00eb pretendojn\u00eb se “demokracia masive” p\u00ebrb\u00ebn nj\u00eb k\u00ebrc\u00ebnim t\u00eb madh p\u00ebr lirin\u00eb, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn e pron\u00ebs. <\/p>\n
Francis Parkman, ishte ve\u00e7 nj\u00ebri nga nj\u00eb num\u00ebr n\u00eb rritje i shtetar\u00ebve q\u00eb ngrit\u00ebn dyshime p\u00ebr men\u00e7urin\u00eb e t\u00eb drejt\u00ebs universale t\u00eb vot\u00ebs, pasi “masat e kombit … duan barazi m\u00eb shum\u00eb sesa lirin\u00eb”.<\/p>\n
William Graham Sumner, profesor i Yale, foli gjithashtu p\u00ebr shum\u00eb njer\u00ebz kur paralajm\u00ebroi ardhjen e nj\u00eb lloji t\u00eb ri, despotizmi demokratik – nj\u00eb rrezik q\u00eb mund t\u00eb shmangej m\u00eb s\u00eb miri duke kufizuar sa m\u00eb shum\u00eb sfer\u00ebn e qeverisjes.
\n“Mendoni pun\u00ebn tuaj”, p\u00ebrfundoi Sumner. Si “doktrina e liris\u00eb”.<\/p>\n
Kur politikan\u00ebt konservator\u00eb si Rand Paul ose Shoq\u00ebria Federaliste flasin p\u00ebr dashurin\u00eb e tyre p\u00ebr lirin\u00eb, ata zakonisht n\u00ebnkuptojn\u00eb di\u00e7ka shum\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme nga aktivist\u00ebt e t\u00eb drejtave civile si John Lewis \u2013 dhe nga revolucionar\u00ebt, abolicionist\u00ebt dhe feminist\u00ebt n\u00eb gjurm\u00ebt e t\u00eb cil\u00ebve Lewis eci.
\nN\u00eb vend t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj, ata po kanalizojn\u00eb konservator\u00ebt e shekullit t\u00eb 19-t\u00eb, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt besonin se liria ka t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb me mbrojtjen e t\u00eb drejtave t\u00eb pron\u00ebs \u2013 n\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme, duke penguar demokracin\u00eb.
\nQindra vjet m\u00eb von\u00eb, k\u00ebto dy pik\u00ebpamje konkurruese t\u00eb liris\u00eb mbeten p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht t\u00eb papajtueshme.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u2018Freedom\u2019 Means Something Different to Liberals and Conservatives. ANNELIEN DE DIJN\/August 25, 2020 (“Liri” do t\u00eb thot\u00eb di\u00e7ka ndryshe nga liberal\u00ebt dhe konservator\u00ebt. ANNELIEN DE DIJN\/) Ne priremi ta mendojm\u00eb lirin\u00eb si ideal emancipues, arsye-mir\u00eb. P\u00ebrgjat\u00eb historis\u00eb, d\u00ebshira p\u00ebr t\u00eb qen\u00eb t\u00eb lir\u00eb frym\u00ebzoi grupe t\u00eb panum\u00ebrta t\u00eb neglizhuara si sfidues t\u00eb sundimit t\u00eb elitave […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":33092,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-33091","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-te-tjera"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/neutrale.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33091","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/neutrale.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/neutrale.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/neutrale.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/neutrale.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=33091"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/neutrale.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33091\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":33093,"href":"https:\/\/neutrale.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33091\/revisions\/33093"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/neutrale.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/33092"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/neutrale.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=33091"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/neutrale.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=33091"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/neutrale.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=33091"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}